Artemisia Californica
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The prototypical plant association of A. californica is chaparral, notably in the California Coast Ranges; toyon and sage are also key components of communities which are transitional between chaparral and coastal sage scrub.[6] It is often claimed to be allelopathic, secreting chemicals into the ground which inhibit other plants from growing near and around the shrub.[3]
Animals rarely eat Artemisia californica, probably due to the presence of bitter aromatic terpenes, but it does provide good cover for smaller birds and other animals that can fit between its stems.[3] It is an important habitat plant for the endangered California gnatcatcher.[3]
A. californica is used to make a liniment that is a powerful pain reliever.[11] The monoterpenoids in the plant interact with transient receptor potential cation channels to relieve pain. The plant also contains sesquiterpenes that may be involved in pain relief. The liniment is more powerful than opioid drugs and is much safer. A small amount of the liniment is applied where it is needed. Within 20 minutes, the pain subsides, even pain from broken bones, arthritis, sprains and strains.[12]
California sagebrush, Artemisia californica is an evergray shrub, threeto four foot high. This sage brush is native to much of Central andSouthern California and is part of the 'sage' in coastal sage scrub.Historically it made it up into lower Mendocino county and down intoBaja usually within 50 miles of the ocean. Artemisia californica likes full sun, near coast, west and even northslope inland and little or no water after established. Although itdoesn't seem to care if it has clay or sand, this sagebrush hates beingwet in the summer. A Tea was used for fever, (you'd have to have a fever to drink it) smokeof burning brush used for removing skunk odor (although I'm not surewhich is worse). It was also one of the items used for smudging.
Most of the pain relieving monoterpenoids found in A. californica are agonists for TRPV3 (heat-sensitive) including camphor [6,13,16], borneol, thujone and eucalyptol [16]. Camphor is also an antagonist for TRPA1 (TRP ankyrin-repeat1, cold-sensitive) and an agonist for TRPV1 (heat-sensitive) [6]. Eucalyptol is also an agonist for TRPM8 (cold-sensitive, [15]) and has antinociceptive activity comparable to morphine. Morphine and eucalyptol act synergistically and produce much greater than expected pain relief when used together [9].
California sagebrush, or coastal sagebrush (Artemisia californica), like many plants in the coastal sage scrub, has adapted to our summer drought by having two growth forms. In the winter and spring, when seasonal water is available, the gray-green leaves are long, tender and feathery. Plants are lush, and grow rapidly. During the hot dry summer months, spring leaves wilt and are replaced by small, tough leaves, Growth slows or stops, transpiration is reduced and the plant may look dead or dying. Under prolonged drought, leaves may be shed entirely.
Local adaptation and plasticity pose significant obstacles to predicting plant responses to future climates. Although local adaptation and plasticity in plant functional traits have been documented for many species, less is known about population-level variation in plasticity and whether such variation is driven by adaptation to environmental variation. We examined clinal variation in traits and performance - and plastic responses to environmental change - for the shrub Artemisia californica along a 700 km gradient characterized (from south to north) by a fourfold increase in precipitation and a 61% decrease in interannual precipitation variation. Plants cloned from five populations along this gradient were grown for 3 years in treatments approximating the precipitation regimes of the north and south range margins. Most traits varying among populations did so clinally; northern populations (vs. southern) had higher water-use efficiencies and lower growth rates, C : N ratios and terpene concentrations. Notably, there was variation in plasticity for plant performance that was strongly correlated with source site interannual precipitation variability. The high-precipitation treatment (vs. low) increased growth and flower production more for plants from southern populations (181% and 279%, respectively) than northern populations (47% and 20%, respectively). Overall, precipitation variability at population source sites predicted 86% and 99% of variation in plasticity in growth and flowering, respectively. These striking, clinal patterns in plant traits and plasticity are indicative of adaptation to both the mean and variability of environmental conditions. Furthermore, our analysis of long-term coastal climate data in turn indicates an increase in interannual precipitation variation consistent with most global change models and, unexpectedly, this increased variation is especially pronounced at historically stable, northern sites. Our findings demonstrate the critical need to integrate fundamental evolutionary processes into global change models, as contemporary patterns of adaptation to environmental clines will mediate future plant responses to projected climate change.
Artemisia californica, a young plant on west face of hillside above (east) Camarillo Street, CI campus. Note evidence of fire still quite visible almost three years following Springs Fire (20 March 2016).
The response of plant traits to global change is of fundamental importance to understanding anthropogenic impacts on natural systems. Nevertheless, little is known about plant genetic variation in such responses or the indirect effect of environmental change on higher trophic levels. In a three-year common garden experiment, we grew the shrub Artemisia californica from five populations sourced along a 700 km latitudinal gradient under ambient and nitrogen (N) addition (20 kg N ha-1) and measured plant traits and associated arthropods. N addition increased plant biomass to a similar extent among all populations. In contrast, N addition effects on most other plant traits varied among plant populations; N addition reduced specific leaf area and leaf percent N and increased carbon to nitrogen ratios in the two northern populations, but had the opposite or no effect on the three southern populations. N addition increased arthropod abundance to a similar extent among all populations in parallel with an increase in plant biomass, suggesting that N addition did not alter plant resistance to herbivores. N addition had no effect on arthropod diversity, richness, or evenness. In summary, genetic variation among A. californica populations mediated leaf-trait responses to N addition, but positive direct effects of N addition on plant biomass and indirect effects on arthropod abundance were consistent among all populations.
In this study, we investigated the role of Artemisia californica intraspecific variation in response to N deposition and its indirect effects on associated arthropod communities. A past study of five A. californica populations sourced along a 700 km latitudinal gradient under ambient and increased (4-fold) precipitation revealed clinal variation in plant growth, leaf-traits, and plasticity [5,22], resulting in clinal variation in arthropod community composition [8]. Plants from southern (vs. northern) populations had higher growth rates, carbon to nitrogen ratios, and terpene concentrations with lower specific leaf area, leaf percent N [5,22], and arthropod density [8]. In addition, plants from southern (vs. northern) populations exhibited greater plasticity in growth and flowering in response to water addition [5].
The preserve is a degraded patch of upland habitat approximately 100 m from Newport Bay and 6 km inland from the ocean coastline with an estimated background N deposition of 13 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in 2009 based on empirical deposition values from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program. At the time of the experiment, the site was covered by a mix of non-native grasses and forbs with a few native shrubs interspersed. Intact coastal sage scrub habitat was found in patches throughout the areas adjacent to the common garden. Additionally, we planted this common garden within 15 m of another common garden planted the previous year with plots containing A. californica from the same five source populations [5,8,22]. These two common gardens were planted independent of each other and designed to answer different research questions. Cuttings for this common garden and the previous year common garden came from the same locations, but cuttings were collected in different years and from different source plants. Finally, replication per population in this experiment was lower than the year prior common garden even though the same populations (cuttings were collected in different years for this and the year prior common garden) were used. The resultant trait data (described below) were more variable than in our previous studies, possibly due to the smaller sample sizes as well as abiotic conditions that differed between the two studies (e.g. slightly different planting locations, drought conditions).
N addition increased plant biomass by 41% among all populations with no main or interactive effect of population (Table 2 and Fig 1a). Artemisia californica populations varied in SLA and C: N ratios and plant populations with N addition influenced SLA, percent N, and C: N ratios (i.e. significant population x N addition; Table 2 and Fig 2). SLA values were on average higher and much more variable in this experiment than in our previous work, possibly due to differences between the two gardens resulting in different leaf phenology during our sampling timeframe (see Methods). N addition reduced SLA and percent N and increased C: N ratios for the two northern populations and had an opposite or no effect on these plant traits for the three southern populations (Fig 2). There were no main or interactive effect of population on leaf PWC but N addition alone increased plant biomass (Table 2 and Fig 2). 59ce067264
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